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Flue gas duct pressure drop and ID fan

Describe the duct sections between furnace and stack and the equipment along the way to get ID fan pressure and flow and what a variable frequency drive saves.

Pre-sizing and estimating tool: results do not replace design, calculations or reports signed by a licensed professional, nor verification against the applicable codes and standards.

Pre-sizing
Flue gas
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Equipment and pressures

Use the pressure drop stated by each equipment manufacturer at design flow.

ID fan
Flow control
Economic analysis
—ID fan static pressure (with margin)
—

Where the pressure goes

Items along the gas path, from furnace to stack, that the fan must overcome. Stack draft helps.

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ID fan power versus flow

Damper or vane control compared with a variable frequency drive.

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Loss by section

Project payback

Cash flow of the improvement: investment in year 0 and annual savings escalated at the rate entered, discounted at the MARR.

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Method, assumptions and references

Equations used

Per section: ρ = p · M ÷ (R · T); Q = QN · (T ÷ 273.15) · (101,325 ÷ p); v = Q ÷ A; Dh = 2ab ÷ (a + b) (rectangular)
Δp = (f · L ÷ Dh + n_bends · K_bend + ΣK) · ρ v² ÷ 2; f from Colebrook–White; μ from Sutherland
ID fan: Δp = Σ ducts + Σ equipment + furnace suction − stack draft; design = operating × (1 + margins)
Power: P = Q · Δp ÷ η; VFD: P(q) = Q q (p_fixed + p_var q²) ÷ (η · 0.97); damper: P(q) ≈ P · (0.60 + 0.40 q); vanes: P(q) ≈ P · (0.35 + 0.65 q²)

Assumptions and limits

  • Constant temperature in each section (enter the section average); no air in-leakage.
  • Bend K values from common references (ASHRAE, Idelchik); special fittings go into “other K”.
  • Damper and vane power curves are approximations from DOE sourcebooks; the actual fan curve may differ.
  • Preliminary estimate for studies and budgets: the draft system design is the responsibility of the boiler manufacturer and a qualified engineer.

Standards and technical documents

  • ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, chapter 21: Duct Design (fitting loss coefficients)
  • Idelchik, I. E. Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance, 4th ed. Begell House
  • AMCA 201: Fans and Systems; AMCA 210 / ISO 5801: fan performance testing
  • U.S. DOE / AMCA: Improving Fan System Performance — A Sourcebook for Industry
  • EN 13384-1: Chimneys — Thermal and fluid dynamic calculation methods

U.S. regulations

  • EPA 40 CFR Part 60 and Part 63: emission standards that set control device performance
  • DOE fan efficiency rulemaking (fan energy index, FEI) for commercial and industrial fans

Frequently asked questions

How do I calculate hot gas duct pressure drop?

For each section, correct flow and density for temperature, compute velocity in the actual area and friction with the hydraulic diameter, and add bend and fitting losses with K coefficients. Then add equipment pressure drop.

What velocity is usual in flue gas ducts?

About 40 to 65 ft/s (12 to 20 m/s) in steel ducts. Below about 26 ft/s ash and dust tend to settle; above 80 ft/s loss and erosion grow.

Is a VFD on the ID fan worth it?

Almost always, when the fan spends much of its time below design flow with a throttled damper. Paybacks are usually 1 to 3 years.