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Power factor correction

Enter demand, measured power factor and tariff to see how many kvar to install, how much current drops and how fast the capacitor bank pays back.

Pre-sizing and estimating tool: results do not replace design, calculations or reports signed by a licensed professional, nor verification against the applicable codes and standards.

Pre-sizing
Facility
Reactive billing
Internal losses

Joule losses fall with the square of current as power factor rises.

Capacitor bank
Economic analysis
—Capacitor bank required
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Power before and after correction

Active power stays the same; reactive power from the grid drops, and with it apparent power and current.

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Annual reactive cost versus power factor

Charges under the chosen rule, at the demand and hours entered.

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kvar required versus target power factor

The last hundredths up to 1.00 cost many kvar for little return.

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Project payback

Cash flow of the improvement: investment in year 0 and annual savings escalated at the rate entered, discounted at the MARR.

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The report gathers this page's inputs, results, equations, assumptions and references, with fields for project, engineer and revision. In the print dialog, choose Save as PDF.

Method, assumptions and references

Equations used

Qc = P · (tan φ1 − tan φ2); tan φ = tan(arccos PF)
S = P ÷ PF; I = S ÷ (√3 · V); Joule losses ∝ I², reduction = 1 − (PF1 ÷ PF2)²
Brazil: excess reactive energy = kWh × (0.92 ÷ PF − 1) × energy rate; reactive demand = kW × (0.92 ÷ PF − 1) × demand rate
United States (common rule): billed demand = kW × 0.90 ÷ PF; Spain: billed kvarh = kvarh − 0.33 · kWh, at a higher price if PF < 0.80

Assumptions and limits

  • Constant demand and power factor over the hours entered; in practice billing may be interval-based, and an automatic bank follows the load.
  • Approximate rates: check your bill and the utility tariff for the actual power factor clause.
  • The standard bank is the next standard size above the calculated value; a detuned bank costs about 60% more.

Standards and technical documents

  • IEC 60831-1: Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for a.c. systems up to 1000 V
  • IEEE Std 1036: Guide for the Application of Shunt Power Capacitors
  • IEEE Std 519: Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems
  • ABNT NBR IEC 60831-1: capacitores de potência em derivação do tipo autorregenerativo

U.S. regulations

  • State public utility commission tariffs (each utility’s power factor clause)
  • IEEE 519-2022 limits adopted in utility interconnection requirements

Frequently asked questions

How do I size a capacitor bank in kvar?

Multiply active power by the difference of tangents: kvar = kW × (tan φ current − tan φ target). For 800 kW from 0.80 to 0.95, about 337 kvar.

When do utilities charge for low power factor?

It depends on the tariff. Many U.S. utilities raise billed demand when PF falls below 0.90 or 0.95, or bill demand in kVA. Check the power factor clause in your rate schedule.

Is correcting to 1.00 worth it?

Rarely. The last hundredths need many kvar, and at light load the facility can turn leading. The usual target is 0.95 to 0.98 with an automatic bank.