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Water treatment

Scaling indices, filters, coagulation, chlorination, chemical dilution and pH neutralization.

Scaling indices (LSI)

Compute the Langelier Saturation Index with the Standard Methods 2330 pHs, the Ryznar and Puckorius indices from pH, temperature, TDS, calcium hardness and alkalinity, with a hardness converter and an LSI versus temperature chart.

Langelier, Ryznar, Puckorius

Sand filter sizing

Size sand, dual-media or mixed-media filters: area, filtration rate against U.S. practice or NBR 12216, number of filters with one in backwash, standard vessel diameter, layers, backwash flow, washwater use and wash pump.

Rate, diameter, backwash

Coagulation and flocculation

Turn the jar test dose into commercial coagulant feed (lb/d and gal/h) and cost, and compute the velocity gradient G with temperature-dependent viscosity, detention time, Gt and mixer power for rapid mix and tapered flocculation.

Dose, G value, Gt

Chlorination and CT

Compute chlorine dose (demand + residual), sodium hypochlorite feed in gal/h and gal/d with strength loss, calcium hypochlorite and chlorine gas use, contact tank CT against the EPA requirement, and residual against the EPA MRDL.

Hypochlorite, gas, CT

Chemical dilution

Work out how much sulfuric acid, caustic soda or bleach and how much water to mix for a target weight percent, with tabulated densities, volume shrinkage, heat of dilution and estimated final temperature.

Mass balance and heat

pH neutralization

Work out how much sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, caustic soda or lime to feed to adjust wastewater pH, from a titration curve pasted from Excel or from strong acid and base theory, with metering pump flow, annual cost and discharge limits.

Titration curve, dose, cost