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Laboratory & analysis

Concentration conversion, solution preparation and standardization, titration, calibration curves, proximate analysis and shelf life.

Concentration converter

Convert concentrations between ppm, mg/L, µg/L, % w/w, % w/v, molarity, normality, meq/L and mg/L as CaCO₃, using molar mass, valence and density, and check the ion balance of a water analysis.

ppm, molarity, meq/L, CaCO₃

Solution preparation

Work out how much salt to weigh, with purity and water of crystallization, or how much concentrated acid or base to measure for a solution in mol/L, eq/L or g/L, the correction factor from primary-standard titration and a serial dilution.

Mass, volume, factor, series

Titration

Calculate sample content by acid-base titration, EDTA complexometry, precipitation (Mohr) or redox (permanganate, dichromate, iodometry) from the stoichiometry, in %, mg/L or g/kg, with replicate mean, standard deviation and interval and a burette range alert.

Content, replicates, burette

Calibration curve

Paste concentration × signal pairs from Excel to get the linear regression (with or without intercept), R², residuals, Mandel linearity test, LOD and LOQ and unknown sample concentrations with confidence intervals, following ISO 8466-1, Eurachem and ICH Q2.

Regression, R², LOD, LOQ

Proximate analysis

Calculate moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon by difference and loss on ignition from crucible weighings for coal, coke, wood charcoal, biomass and minerals, convert between as-received, dry and dry ash-free bases and estimate heating value.

Moisture, ash, VM, FC

Shelf life (Arrhenius)

Estimate shelf life from degradation data at two or more temperatures: rate constant by zero or first order, activation energy by Arrhenius or a Q10 factor and time to the specification limit at the storage temperature, with a confidence interval.

Arrhenius, Q10, expiry