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Kaizen / A3 savings: return on the improvement

Turn the kaizen’s before and after into annual savings, payback and ROI, and take to the A3 a table that management and cost accounting understand.

Pre-sizing and estimating tool: results do not replace design, calculations or reports signed by a licensed professional, nor verification against the applicable codes and standards.

Preliminary estimateRevised 11/02/2026
Labor
Scrap
Inventory
Machine hours
Utilities and other

Leave before and after equal (or zero) for items the improvement does not affect. Do not count the same gain twice: operator hours and machine hours only add up if they are different resources.

Improvement costs
Economic analysis

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—Net annual gain
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A3 summary table

Before, after and gain for each indicator, ready to copy into the A3 or print to PDF.

Where the gain comes from

Annual gain of each item, largest first, and the recurring cost.

Tap the chart to see the values.

Next step

Take this page’s results to another calculator with the fields already filled in.

Project payback

Cash flow of the improvement: investment in year 0 and annual savings escalated at the rate entered, discounted at the MARR.

Tap the chart to see the values.

The calculation report gathers this page's inputs, results, equations, assumptions and references, with fields for project, engineer and revision. The full report also includes the charts and interpretations, in color. In the print dialog, choose Save as PDF.

Method, assumptions and references

Equations used

Labor = (min/part before − after) × output ÷ 60 × hourly cost
Scrap = output × (scrap before − after) × cost per scrapped part
Inventory = (average inventory before − after) × holding cost (%/yr); cash freed = inventory reduction, once
Machine = hours freed × hourly value; energy = kWh saved × price
Net gain = Σ gains − recurring cost; investment = equipment + materials + team hours × hourly cost
Payback = investment ÷ net gain × 12 (months); annual ROI = net gain ÷ investment; ROI over N years = (net gain × N − investment) ÷ investment; NPV = −I + Σ gain ÷ (1 + i)ᵗ

Assumptions and limits

  • Gains are constant each year (with the escalation entered) from year 1, with no ramp-up.
  • Scrap is computed on the output entered; cost per scrapped part should include what was already spent on it, minus scrap value.
  • Freed people and machine hours only turn into money if they are used; hard savings (scrap, energy, inventory) are shown separately in the interpretation.
  • No income tax or depreciation; for a full tax analysis, use the investment calculator.

Standards and technical documents

  • Sobek, D. K.; Smalley, A. Understanding A3 Thinking. Productivity Press, 2008
  • Shook, J. Managing to Learn: Using the A3 Management Process. Lean Enterprise Institute, 2008
  • Imai, M. Gemba Kaizen, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2012
  • Maskell, B. H.; Baggaley, B.; Grasso, L. Practical Lean Accounting, 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2011 (ganhos diretos e capacidade liberada)
  • Brealey, R. A.; Myers, S. C.; Allen, F. Principles of Corporate Finance, 13th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2020 (VPL e payback)

U.S. regulations

  • ASC 330 (Inventory) and ASC 360 (Property, plant and equipment): accounting for reduced inventory and equipment bought for the improvement

Frequently asked questions

How do I calculate a kaizen’s savings?

Measure each affected indicator before and after (time per part, scrap, inventory, machine hours, energy), turn the difference into money per year and add it up. Then subtract any recurring cost and compare with the investment. In the example, gross savings are about US$ 101k a year for an investment of about US$ 30k.

What goes into the kaizen investment?

Equipment and fixtures, materials and services, and the hours of the team that worked on the improvement (participants × hours × hourly cost). In the example, 320 team hours at US$ 50 an hour come to US$ 16,000, more than half of the total investment.

What is the difference between hard savings and freed hours?

Hard savings are cash that stops going out: scrap, energy, inventory holding cost. Freed people and machine hours only become cash if they are used to produce more, cut overtime or postpone a hire. Many controllers accept only hard savings in an A3; the page shows both.

How do I count inventory savings?

Lower average inventory frees cash once and cuts holding cost every year. In the example, going from US$ 60k to US$ 36k frees US$ 24k and, at a 20% holding cost, saves US$ 4,800 a year. Only the second figure goes into annual savings.

What is a freed machine hour worth?

It depends on where the machine sits. At the bottleneck, every extra hour becomes sales, so the value is the contribution margin per hour. Elsewhere, only the variable hourly cost (energy, maintenance) is saved, a much lower value.

What are payback, ROI and NPV?

Payback is the time for the net gain to repay the investment: in the example, about 3.5 months. Annual ROI is one year’s gain divided by the investment, about 340%. NPV is the value of all gains over the horizon, discounted at the company’s rate, minus the investment.

What should I check before closing the A3?

Measure the after state in stable operation, over a few weeks, and in the same season as the before. Do not count the same gain twice, such as operator and machine hours that are really one resource. Name who tracks each indicator so the new standard holds.