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Pumps, piping & tanks

System curve and pump operating point, pump and motor sizing, economic pipe diameter, pressure loss in valves and fittings, control valve Cv and Kv, tank volume from level, expansion tanks and thermal expansion with loops.

Pump and system curves

Find the pump operating point on the system curve, compare one pump, two in parallel and two in series, and calculate drive savings versus throttling.

Duty point, parallel, series, VFD

Pump sizing

Calculate total dynamic head from suction, discharge, fittings and equipment, NPSH available and cavitation risk, shaft power, motor size, specific speed and viscous correction.

TDH, NPSH, power, motor

Economic pipe size and pumping

Compare pipe sizes by total cost: Darcy–Weisbach and Colebrook head loss, pumping energy and investment, with payback.

Head loss, velocity, energy by size

Valve and fitting losses

Compute minor losses of valves, elbows, tees, reducers, entrances and exits with Crane TP-410 K or Darby 3-K, convert Cv and Kv to K, get equivalent length and add it to the straight run with Darcy–Weisbach and Colebrook.

K, 3-K, Cv/Kv, equivalent length

Control valve: Cv and Kv

Calculate control valve Cv and Kv for liquids, gases and steam per IEC 60534-2-1, check choked flow and cavitation, and see travel at minimum, normal and maximum flow.

Cv, Kv, choked flow, travel, IEC 60534

Tank volume from level

Calculate volume and mass in horizontal and vertical tanks with flat, elliptical, hemispherical, F&D or conical heads, and download the strapping table.

Horizontal, vertical, heads, strapping table

Expansion tank

Size the expansion tank of a closed hot water, chilled water or glycol loop with the ASHRAE equations: net fluid expansion, acceptance volume, fill pressure and precharge, maximum pressure from the relief valve setting, total volume and standard size.

Expansion, precharge, acceptance, volume

Pipe expansion loops

Compute thermal expansion of steel, stainless, copper or aluminum piping, stress and anchor force with the line restrained, U-loop size by the guided cantilever method, the axial bellows alternative with pressure thrust, and maximum anchor spacing.

ΔL, stress, U-loop, bellows

Also useful

Steam piping and PRV

Size saturated or superheated steam lines by velocity and pressure drop (Darcy–Weisbach and Colebrook), and compute the pressure reducing valve Cv/Kv per IEC 60534 and the downstream pipe.

Line size, velocity, drop, PRV Cv

Gas pipe sizing

Compute natural gas or propane flow from appliance input and size the pipe by allowable pressure drop, with Pole’s formula at low pressure and Renouard at medium pressure.

Pipe size, pressure drop, velocity

Oil viscosity vs temperature

Compute hydraulic and lubricating oil viscosity at any temperature with the ASTM D341 Walther equation and see the ideal range for gear, vane and piston pumps.

ISO VG, Walther, cold start

Motor sizing

Choose the induction motor from the load, drive, duty cycle, altitude and temperature, check across-the-line, star-delta, soft starter or VFD starting and see current and voltage dip.

Power, duty, starting, current